A Look Into Mechanical Engineering Essay example -- Careers, personal n

The vocation that I am going to seek after is Mechanical Engineering. The motivation behind why I picked this is on the grounds that since the time I was little I was constantly keen on building little vehicles. I asked by guardians to get me Legos so I could make what at any point went to my head. Indeed, even there are numerous sorts of building I need to be the designer that structures vehicles. History of Mechanical Engineering The historical backdrop of mechanical designing is wide and goes back to antiquated occasions. In old Greece, crafted by Archimedes which he had planned ships and created the Archimedes screw which is as yet utilized today (Wikipedia). The explanation that mechanical building goes back so long is that individuals have a characteristic inclination to improve things then what it is presently to make work increasingly productive and simpler. During the time spent creation things simpler a few people go along and make an immense development that impacts others to design and extend. It is realized that the best countries since forever on the planet have made the best designers and innovators. To have designing and concocting develop in a country there is one key part. A country's agribusiness needs to flourish all together for the development of better innovation, for instance the Aztecs in Mexico were mechanical better than some other country in the old Americas for the spirit reason that they can concentrate better on innovation rather than hunger. Presently in this day and age we truly needn't bother with our horticulture to flourish all together for our innovation to show signs of improvement since it is financed by the legislature. Mechanical building additionally is required by war. War is simply the fuel that drives countries to safeguard themselves and so as to do this you need specialists to improve weapons and transportation. Similarly as with most other techn... ...100 Years of Improvement?. Daily Fuel Economy Tip. N.p., March 25, 2008. Web. 12 Mar 2010. . Varassi, John. ASME Releases Report on Future Trends in Mechanical Engineering. ASME.ORG. ASME News Online, Aug. 12, 2008 . Web. 12 Mar 2010. . Specialists. Bureau of Labor Statistics. US Department of Labor, December 17, 2009. Web. 12 Mar 2010. . Harmon, Liz. Mechanical Engineering. Graduating Engineer. Amalgam Education, n.d. Web. 12 Mar 2010. . Mechanical Engineering. Wikipeida. Wikipeida, n.d. Web. 13 Mar 2010. .

The life of Rosalinda Franklin Essays - Biology,

The life of Rosalinda Franklin Rosalinda Franklin was a British scientist most popular for her job in the revelation of the structure of DNA, and for her spearheading utilization of X-beam diffraction. She was conceived in 1920 in London, England. She earned a Ph.D. in physical science from Cambridge University. She learned crystallography and X-beam diffraction, and applied these strategies to find DNA strands. Her photos gave key bits of knowledge into DNA structure. Numerous researchers utilized her photos as proof to help their DNA model and assumed praise for the disclosure. Shockingly Franklin kicked the bucket of ovarian malignancy in 1958, at age 37. Rosalind Elsie Franklin was naturally introduced to a powerful Jewish family on July 25, 1920, in Notting Hill, London, England. She showed remarkable insight from youth; she began to show enthusiasm for science at an early age of fifteen. Franklin needed to be a researcher. She got her training at a few schools, including North London Collegiate School, where she exceeded expectations in science, in addition to other things. She selected at Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1938 and contemplated science. In 1941, she was granted Sec ond Class Honors in her finals. Her honor was acknowledged as a four year college education in the capabilities for business. She proceeded to function as an associate research official at the British Coal Utilization Research Association, where she examined the porosity of coalwork that was the premise of her 1945 Ph.D. She contemplated t he physical science of strong natural c olloids with unique reference to coal. In 1946, Franklin was selected at the Laboratoire Central des Servic es Chimiques de l'Etat in Paris. S he worked with crystallographer Jacques Mering . He showed her X-beam diffraction, which assumed a significant job in her examination that prompted the disclosure of the structure of DNA. Furthermore, Franklin utilized X-beams to make picture s of crystalized solids in distinguishing inorgani c matter, not simply single gems. In January 1951, she started filling in as an examination partner at the King's College London in the biophysics unit, with chief John Randall. She utilized her aptitude and X-beam diffraction strategies to analyze DNA strands. She s tud ied DNA structure with X-beam diffraction, and made an astounding revelation with her understudy Raymond Gosling . They took pictures of DNA and found that there were two types of it . One of their X-beam diffraction photos of the B type of DNA ( Photograph 51 ) got acclaimed as basic proof in recognizing the structure of DNA. The photograph was gained through 100 hours of X-beam introduction from a machine Franklin refined. Franklin was known for her careful and steady hard working attitude, however she was likewise known for her contention with partner Maurice Wilkins, a contention which wound up costing her beyond all doubt . In January 1953, Wilkins changed the course of DNA history by revealing without Franklin's authorization or information her Photo 51 to contending researcher James Watson, who was taking a shot at his own DNA model with Francis Crick at Cambridge. The two researchers did in reality utilize Franklin's Photo 51 as the reason for their now well known model of DNA . They distributed it on March 7, 1953, and got a Nobel Prize in 1962. Cramp and Watson were likewise ready to assume the greater part of the praise for the discovering . M uch of their work anyway depended on Franklin's photograph s and discoveries. Lamentably, Franklin didn't realize that these men put together their Nature article with respect to her examination, and she didn't whine either . Franklin left King's College in March 1953 and moved to Birkbeck College, where she contemplated the structure of the tobacco mosaic infection and the structure of RNA. Since Randall let Franklin leave relying on the prerequisite that she would not deal with DNA, she turned her consideration back to investigations of coal. In five years, Franklin distributed 17 papers on infections, and her gathering established the frameworks for basic virology. In the fall of 1956, Franklin found that she had ovarian malignant growth. She kept laboring for a long time, in spite of her disease. She got a trial chemotherapy treatment and encountered a 10-month abatement and worked as of recently before her demise on April 16, 1958, at the age

Laughing and Crying essays

Snickering and Crying expositions Snickering and Crying The scaffold among snickering and crying isn't long. During submarine organizations, it is standard to recount to the ocean stories on those long exhausting mid-watches. During one specific mid-watch I recounted to an astounding story that transpired ten years sooner while positioned on my last submarine. This story shouldnt be told when your supervisor is a piece of the gathering in light of the fact that there could be repercussions that you may feel later. My story starts when I was on a submarine that was home-ported in Vallejo, CA. Like most maritime bases it additionally has a McDonalds. The submarine was deferred for a planned in progress this specific day and my division and myself chose to go to McDonalds for lunch. This McDonalds was spread out as some other McDonalds with a side passage and a long seating region down the side. The vast majority of the submarine team was at that point there sitting as an afterthought seats, and I continued up to the counter to submit my request. I requested a Combo Meal that came to $4.85 and gave the clerk a ten-dollar note. She set a five-dollar greenback and the change on my plate as I was leaving. At the point when I came around the bend to the territory my shipmates were sitting, somebody made the ways for enter the café and my five-dollar note brushed off my plate. I immediately looked down and saw it fell close to the corner table were a woman and her two kids were sitting. I proceeded t o the table where I needed to sit to put my plate down. I set my plate on the table at that point went to return to recover my five-dollar greenback. I returned to the territory where my cash brushed off close to the table the woman and her two kids were sitting. I glanced around and didnt see it, so I asked the young man that was perched on the finish of the table on the off chance that he had seen my five-dollar note. He affably said no sir and afterward his mother asked would i be able to support you and I revealed to her th... <!

Anthropomorphy Free Essays

The term â€Å"agent† for this situation originates from the field of software engineering and it alludes to little projects (programming operators) that are profoundly Independent, and are utilized to play out various errands with title or no human Intervention. The motivation behind human operators along these lines Is to 1) make correspondence between the PC and the client more â€Å"human-like† and 2) to expand the robotization of undertakings. While numerous individuals locate that human plan Is helpful on the grounds that they trust it advances inspirational perspectives and draws in the client, numerous individuals have discovered that human structure is diverting and improperly lessens client control and duty. We will compose a custom exposition test on Anthropomorphy or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now To address these deferent viewpoints, various research examines have been attempted to assess the adequacy of human operators. Sadly for the two sides, the outcomes have not been high contrast. In certain examinations, for example, that of Lester et al. 1 997), execution has Increased after a time of communication with an enlivened specialist, as contrasted and a similar program without an operator. In any case, In different cases, for example, that of Eden and van Mullen (2000), there has been no eminent contrast in execution between those members collaborating with human specialists and those cooperating with a book based framework. With these conflicting outcomes, it has been hard for instructors and Interface architects to be totally sold on the Importance of human structure. II. Diagram of Anthropomorphic Design 3 A. Key interface plan contemplations 1 . The Role of the Agent Anthropomorphic operators can have a wide range of jobs that extend from being a guide as an afterthought, initiated distinctly at the user’s demand, to an ever present coach helping the client to respond to questions and resolve issues. Choosing what job the specialist will have in the program is the most significant advance in the improvement procedure. A specialist that plays out a wrong job will just bring about client rustication and nervousness. The most effective method to refer to Anthropomorphy, Papers

I hurt myself again

I hurt myself again Seriously, I am really, really bad at not tripping and falling over things. My failings at life from the last couple of weeks include tripping on one (1) set of steps in front of Senior Haus and nearly hitting myself in the face on the railing, skidding across six (6) feet of ice-covered sidewalk and falling flat on my butt in front of a group of construction workers, tripping over my own feet about twelve (12) times while walking across the Longfellow Bridge with Jesse 09 (who says he didnt notice, but whatever), and repeatedly getting caught on the laces of my badass new shoes while being shoved around by fifty (50) drunk hipsters at a Black Lips concert on Saturday night with Hanna 10 and Keira 12. And then I woke up this morning and my right hip was bothering me a lot its been a recurring issue in for the last couple of years, probably made worse by my inability to remain standing on my feet for more than a nanosecond without falling over them. Anyway, Ive been limping around pathetically all day. Woo. Oh, and I havent showered since Saturday morning and Ive been wearing the same shirt for three days. But today I got back one of three exams I took last week, and since it is the best grade Ive gotten on an exam since my first 5.12 test over two years ago, I stuck it up on my refrigerator with magnets. I also asked around on my hall for a gold star sticker. No, I do not think I am taking this too seriously.

3 Tips For Cracking the SAT Essay Section

Let's get started! [image source] The essay section of the SAT can be a tough nut to crack. Where other sections’ scoring is relatively straightforward and predictable, the essay section can seem nebulous. What are they looking for? If you don’t know, how can you prepare? How can you improve? In this blog post, I outlined a few of the key points scorers look for, and if you work towards incorporating them into your writing, you’ll get closer to that elusive score of 6! Use Specific Examples This may seem like a no-brainer, but the main thing SAT scorers are looking for is your use of specific examples. Don’t say â€Å"war† when you can say â€Å"The Vietnam War.† Don’t say â€Å"modernist literature† when you can say â€Å"To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf.† While reading the question and planning your essay, if you can’t think of specific examples to match your thesis, then change your thesis. You should be crafting your response around the topics that fit the question, and should have enough information about to describe specifically and intelligently. Try to double check your writing when you practice writing and proofreading your essay. Ask yourself: can I be clearer? Can I go deeper into this topic in terms of time period? Can I discuss a certain person/movement/text/event instead of using a generalization? If so, rewrite, and do it quickly! Make Sure You Answer the Prompt One of the most common mistakes students make on the SAT section is not addressing the question. It is easy to get carried away with an idea or lose track of time and then, wham! No matter how wonderful your prose or logic is, if you do not answer the question, you are going to lose points. A tip: after you formulate a thesis but before you begin writing, read the SAT question and simplify it so that it asks a straightforward question (this will involve cutting out all the examples and probably some extraneous words). Then, evaluate: does your thesis EXACTLY answer this question? If so, proceed. If not, you need to pivot and rewrite that thesis. An example question: Is listening more important than speaking when you are trying to persuade others? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations. The rewritten, simplified question: Is listening more important than speaking? Once you’ve identified this â€Å"core† question, use it to focus your thesis by making your thesis directly answer that question. Thesis: When trying to persuade others, listening is more important than speaking. While this thesis may seem too obvious, it is best to write a clear, direct thesis quickly so that you can get to the business of organizing and writing as soon as possible. And even if you don’t necessarily believe your own thesis, that’s okay (maybe you think speaking is more important! Fine!) -- you won’t have time for any hesitation once you begin. Choose a side and stick with it! Use Variety in Your Writing You are learning a ton of new vocabulary for the verbal section of the SAT -- why not use it to spice up your essay as well? You want the vocabulary to be integrated naturally and with finesse, but that can be difficult because oftentimes you’re just memorizing their definitions. During your vocabulary studying, take some time to practice integrating those new words into sentences. Knowing what something means and knowing how to use it can be two very different things! To bring up that essay score, you need to know how to do both. Write some practice sentences! Remember, essay scorers are reading hundreds of essays, and they’re doing it quickly. If you are saying interesting things in interesting ways, that will feel like a breath of fresh air to them and your score will reflect that. Instead of saying â€Å"there were many interesting developments during the Renaissance,† say â€Å"The Renaissance was a time of seemingly unstoppable progress in many fields.† The vocabulary I used isn’t very advanced, but the sentence structure adds variety and interest. Avoid the overused constructions of â€Å"there were,† â€Å"there are,† â€Å"it is interesting/significant/important that.† Mix it up! Need more help with the SAT? Check out other blog posts on our site, written by our private SAT tutors in New York and Boston:4 Vital Rules for Beating the SAT Essay,ACT Math vs. SAT Math: What's the Difference?,Why You Should Wear a Bathrobe on Test Day. Feel freeto contact usif you'd like to work with a private SAT tutor! ;

William Herschel the Man Who Discovered Uranus

Sir William Herschel was an accomplished astronomer who not only contributed volumes of work that astronomers use today, but also composed some pretty hip music for his time! He was a true do-it-yourselfer, building more than one telescope during his career. Herschel was fascinated with  double stars. These are stars in close orbits with each other, or that appear close to one another. Along the way, he also observed nebulae and star clusters. He eventually began publishing listings of all the objects he observed. One of Herschels most famous discoveries was the planet Uranus. He was so familiar with the sky that he could easily notice when something seemed out of place. He noticed that there was a dim something that seemed to move slowly across the sky. Many observations later, he determined it ws a planet.  His discovery was the first one of a planet that had been noted since ancient times.   For his work, Herschel was elected to the Royal Society and made Court Astronomer by King George III. That appointment brought him income he could use to continue his work and build new and better telescopes. It was a good gig for a skygazer of any age!   Early Life William Herschel was born on November 15, 1738 in  Germany and brought up as a musician. He began composing symphonies and other works as a student. As a young man, he worked as a church organist in England. Eventually his sister Caroline Herschel joined him. For a time, they lived in a house in Bath, England, which still stands today as a museum of astronomy.   Herschel met up with another musician who was also a math professor in Cambridge and astronomer. That sparked his curiosity about astronomy, which led to his first telescope. His observations of double stars led to studies of multiple star systems, including the motions and separations of the stars in such groupings. He catalogued his discoveries and continued to search the skies from his home in Bath. Ultimately he ended up re-observing many of his discoveries again to check their relative positions. In Over time, he managed to find more than 800 new objects in addition to observing already-known objects, all using a telescope he built. Ultimately, he published three major listings of astronomy objects:  Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars  in 1786,  Catalogue of a Second Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars in 1789, and  Catalogue of 500 new Nebulae, Nebulous Stars, and Clusters of Stars  in 1802. His listings, which his sister also worked on with him, eventually became the basis for the New General Catalog (NGC) that astronomers still use today. Finding Uranus Herschels discovery of  the planet Uranus  was almost entirely a matter of luck. In 1781, as he was continuing his search for double stars, he noticed that one tiny point of light had moved. He also noticed that it wasnt quite star-like, but more disk-shaped. Today, we know that a disk-shaped point of light in the sky is almost certainly a planet. Herschel observed it a number of times to make sure of his finding. Orbital calculations pointed to the existence of an eighth planet, which Herschel named after King George the III (his patron).   It became known as the Georgian Star for a time. In France, it was called Herschel. Eventually the name Uranus was proposed, and thats what we have today.   Caroline Herschel: Williams Observing Partner Williams sister Caroline came to live with him after the death of their father in 1772, and he immediately had her join him in his astronomy pursuits. She worked with him to build telescopes, and eventually began doing her own observing. She discovered eight comets, as well as the galaxy M110, which is a smaller companion to the Andromeda Galaxy, and a number of nebulae. Eventually, her work caught the attention of the Royal Astronomical Society and she was honored by that group in 1828. After Herschels death in 1822, she continued to do her astronomical observations and expand his catalogues. In 1828, she was also given an award by the Royal Astronomical Society. Their  legacy of astronomy was carried on by Williams son, John Herschel.   Herschels Museum Legacy Herschel Museum of Astronomy in Bath, England, where he  lived part of his life, remains dedicated to preserving the memory of the work done by William and Caroline Herschel. It features his discoveries, including Mimas and Enceladus (circling Saturn), and two moons of Uranus: Titania and Oberon. The museum is open to visitors and tours.   There is a renaissance of interest in William Herschels music, and a recording of his most popular works is available. His astronomy legacy lives on in the catalogs that record his years of observations.

Top 10 Albums of 1980

Our Culture Is One That Is More Prone To Speak Rather Than

Our culture is one that is more prone to speak rather than listen and when we listen the majority of us are listening to reply and not listening to understand. Listening is a vital interpersonal skill and it supports us in the ability to communicate and interact with people. (Dean, 1997) There are many different types of listening and in this essay I will seek to cover the many aspects to Empathetic listening , such as, what exactly is Empathetic listening, the importance of Empathetic listening, when should Empathetic listening be used and who should use it, and where Empathetic listening is most needed and used. Empathetic listening is an essential aspect to listening because empathetic listening allows the listener to correctly†¦show more content†¦(Dean, 1997). Empathetic listeners must pay attention to the speaker with their entire presence and avoid being distracted from the outside interruptions include focusing on their own response. For Example, the listener shoul d, lean forward, maintain close eye contact, take time to understand the speaker’s words, ask for clarification, repeat a phrase or word, and express genuine concern. Additionally, the speaker should pay close attention to the speaker’s overall communication, such as, body language, thoughts and feelings. (Hagevik, 1999). As quoted in Hicks, 2016, â€Å"The context of the person’s story is like watching a movie in black and white, listening for feeling adds the colour.† For successful empathetic listening, the listener needs to listen to understand rather than listening to reply. (Dean, 1997). Furthermore, an empathetic listener must listen from the heart so they can develop a real understanding for the speaker’s words and emotions. (Hagevik, 1999). To develop progression and a close relationship between the listener and the speaker Dr Rogers believes that empathetic listening is an essential key in communication as the speaker may feel as though s omeone does care about them and their issues as they are finally being heard and understood.Show MoreRelatedAmericas Society in Deborah Tannens book, The Argument Culture1228 Words   |  5 PagesDeborah Tannens book, The Argument Culture, is a compelling piece that looks at the perceived argument culture that is permeating the United States and the West in general. I do agree with what Ms. Tannen is saying, that there is a form of argument culture, but I think it could be argued that there is a contrasting part of American society called a nice culture as well. On the one hand, you have people who will argue about topics whenever the opportunity arises, but on the other hand you haveRead More Agriculture: Evolution or Devolution? 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The makes it just as necessary for people to understand how to interpret media messages as it is for them how to know to read printed language (Thoman Jolls, 2004). While media literacy was i nitiallyRead MoreHow Does My Speech Change When Communicating with Different Audiences and How Does It Change the Way People Think of Me?1418 Words   |  6 Pagescorrupt thought’ illustrating that the power of language over our thought. People change their register when communicating with different audiences unintentionally: including myself. In 15 years of my life, I have always adapted my idiolect differently to my friends, parents, teachers and strangers; but does that make me fake or vulgar? In Addition, our Language is an essential part of our lives and as the population increases it has become more important to be able to communicate in various ways. 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Global Warming And Global Climate Change - 1139 Words

The topic of global climate change has been a much debated topic over the years. There is no real scientific consensus on global warming. However, much destruction has happened to the earth that questions the scientific or empirical link between extreme weather and global climate change. There are a lot of events that happens around the globe such as floods, increased precipitation, sea-level rise, and hurricanes that questions the theory of global climate change. Without any clear cut evidence, it would be hard to determine whether greenhouse gases (GHG) and deforestation are the cause of global climate change. There are many researchers around the who use scientific findings to prove that there is a link between extreme weather and global climate change. Korstanje and Babu (2012) write about climate changes environmental effects, they write â€Å"global warming has in recent years, begun to pose a global threat to all cultures and nations† (p.333). In their article Korstanje and Babu (2012) writes that countries are fighting global warming by implementing carbon taxations in hopes that it will lessen the effect of pollution (p.333). Currently, the country with the highest carbon taxation is Norway (Korstanje Babu, 2012, p.333). Rather than overlooking environmental destruction, Norway taxes companies at high rates for their carbon emissions. Hopefully by charging companies for their emissions they will add less pollution to Norway’s environment. Climate change is aShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming : A Global Climate Change1457 Words   |  6 Pageshappened by global warming like, increasing the temperature degrees, and melting the snow mountains around the word. However, global warming has played a major role in changing the weather all over the world. The climate change all over the world is a proof that the weather conditions are changing. Global warming has made some of the hottest land cold now and the countries that never had a summer in millenniums are now having sunlight regularly. These are the basic changes that signify that global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming : Global Climate Change1209 Words   |  5 PagesBrooke Bogan Carol Dale, M.Ed. 1301 Dual Credit English IV November 4, 2015 WA #6- Global Climate Change Global climate change is a topic that had been hotly debated across the country for years. Though not many people believe it, scientists have proved the global warming is in fact partly caused by man. The greenhouse effect is gradually increasing the temperature of the earth because humans are constantly burning natural gases and oils, greenhouse gases being trapped in the atmosphere, deforestationRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1354 Words   |  6 PagesIt is becoming a less and less contested issue that global climate change is a significant issue. 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Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and therefore remains a huge challenge for life on Earth. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it change? Climate change is caused by natural causes or by humans which possibly fluctuates the cycle of change in weather and climate. The specific expression that we often hear aboutRead MoreGlobal Climate Change And Global Warming1054 Words   |  5 Pagesreally isn t much of a secret that global climate change is happening. From the melting of the polar ice caps, to record severe temperatures, rise in natural disasters, rise in pollution, greater number of vector-borne and water borne illnesses, and much more. Unless there is something done to change the current technology being used to provide energy to the human population global climate change will only continue to get worse. 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Global climate change has already caused glaciers and sea ice to melt, plant and animal ranges to shift, sea level rise to accelerate, oceans to acidify, and droughts and heat waves to intensify. Indeed, climate change can be considered to be the main threatRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. The rise in the earth’s temperature has caused some impact to the weather and climate changes to many places worldwide. This rise in temperature has the potential of causing drastic changes to the earth in many ways. It is time to view the global warming concerns

Economic Levels vs. Food Choices Free Essays

Overtime the ability to make healthy food choices while living in a community of low class Americans has become difficult to do. Poor communities are forced to make unhealthy decisions because they are not offered affordable, organic foods at their neighborhood markets. This causes drastic increases in obesity cases across the country and also sets boundaries between low class and high class. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Levels vs. Food Choices or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to change this, the government needs to construct more markets with broad choices of healthy meals and also offer help to low class citizens with cheaper alternatives of ood of better quality. Income If a single-parent household of six depends on a minimum wage budget, their food choices are affected. With the goal of stretching their budget in order to feed many mouths, they turn to Junk food as an alternative. Although they can buy an excessive amount of cheap food, that cheap food is often high caloric and unhealthy for young children. Many parents disregard the quality of the foods because they Just see it as an alimentation they can afford. In other words to many low class families food is scarce and regardless of whether is healthy or not, it keeps they from starvation. Overall, less income leads to more quantities of unhealthy foods and since high class households can afford more pricey organic foods, their food choices increase in quality. Food Availability People start to learn to like foods that are appropriate to their class while they are children. Children’s habits are based are what they are taught to eat. †¦ many poor neighborhoods are, indeed, food deserts (as cited in Miller, 2010 pg. 117) and that causes these families to have Junk food and fattening meals at their reach. As opposed to wealthier communities that have many Safeways and Wholefoods vailable in their neighborhoods where they have access to healthy food. This causes obesity to rise mostly in these low income communities becaus e they are so used to driving five minutes to a McDonalds rather than a market that is half an hour away that has foods they cannot even afford. They save themselves the time and humiliation they are put through when they see that the money they spend on a healthy meal that will last two days can be switched for unhealthier food that will fill them faster and last longer. Supermarkets have tried to build markets with organic ood but it comes obvious to investors that if they build one of their properties in a neighborhood that will not be able to buy have their products, they are in for a loss. â€Å"Without access to healthy foods, a nutritious diet and good health are out of reach. And without grocery stores and other fresh food retailers, communities are missing the commercial nubs that make neighborhoods livable, and help local economies thrive. † (The Food Trust Organization, 1992) Expensive Healthy Foods In 2010 CBSNews brought forth an update that explained to Americans the importance of eating healthier for the sake of setting an example for younger enerations and the Journal Health Affairs said that â€Å"†¦ if they did that, they would add hundreds more dollars to their annual grocery bill. When informed about this, many low class families dreaded the idea that they would have to do the impossible Just to provide their family with healthier meals. Two children attending the same public school, for example, would differ in the kinds of foods they would be eating for lunch since the child coming from a high class family can afford healthier foods and is used to eating those foods. Some children are exposed to different varieties of meals rowin g up and those children mostly grow up in small high class families that have no problem spending more on higher quality meals. Low Class vs. High Class This separation between low class and high class has become more obvious as a decrease in income around the world has come forth. Healthy foods have become a luxury only wealthy families can afford to enjoy. How to cite Economic Levels vs. Food Choices, Essays

Economic Levels vs. Food Choices Free Essays

Overtime the ability to make healthy food choices while living in a community of low class Americans has become difficult to do. Poor communities are forced to make unhealthy decisions because they are not offered affordable, organic foods at their neighborhood markets. This causes drastic increases in obesity cases across the country and also sets boundaries between low class and high class. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Levels vs. Food Choices or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to change this, the government needs to construct more markets with broad choices of healthy meals and also offer help to low class citizens with cheaper alternatives of ood of better quality. Income If a single-parent household of six depends on a minimum wage budget, their food choices are affected. With the goal of stretching their budget in order to feed many mouths, they turn to Junk food as an alternative. Although they can buy an excessive amount of cheap food, that cheap food is often high caloric and unhealthy for young children. Many parents disregard the quality of the foods because they Just see it as an alimentation they can afford. In other words to many low class families food is scarce and regardless of whether is healthy or not, it keeps they from starvation. Overall, less income leads to more quantities of unhealthy foods and since high class households can afford more pricey organic foods, their food choices increase in quality. Food Availability People start to learn to like foods that are appropriate to their class while they are children. Children’s habits are based are what they are taught to eat. †¦ many poor neighborhoods are, indeed, food deserts (as cited in Miller, 2010 pg. 117) and that causes these families to have Junk food and fattening meals at their reach. As opposed to wealthier communities that have many Safeways and Wholefoods vailable in their neighborhoods where they have access to healthy food. This causes obesity to rise mostly in these low income communities becaus e they are so used to driving five minutes to a McDonalds rather than a market that is half an hour away that has foods they cannot even afford. They save themselves the time and humiliation they are put through when they see that the money they spend on a healthy meal that will last two days can be switched for unhealthier food that will fill them faster and last longer. Supermarkets have tried to build markets with organic ood but it comes obvious to investors that if they build one of their properties in a neighborhood that will not be able to buy have their products, they are in for a loss. â€Å"Without access to healthy foods, a nutritious diet and good health are out of reach. And without grocery stores and other fresh food retailers, communities are missing the commercial nubs that make neighborhoods livable, and help local economies thrive. † (The Food Trust Organization, 1992) Expensive Healthy Foods In 2010 CBSNews brought forth an update that explained to Americans the importance of eating healthier for the sake of setting an example for younger enerations and the Journal Health Affairs said that â€Å"†¦ if they did that, they would add hundreds more dollars to their annual grocery bill. When informed about this, many low class families dreaded the idea that they would have to do the impossible Just to provide their family with healthier meals. Two children attending the same public school, for example, would differ in the kinds of foods they would be eating for lunch since the child coming from a high class family can afford healthier foods and is used to eating those foods. Some children are exposed to different varieties of meals rowin g up and those children mostly grow up in small high class families that have no problem spending more on higher quality meals. Low Class vs. High Class This separation between low class and high class has become more obvious as a decrease in income around the world has come forth. Healthy foods have become a luxury only wealthy families can afford to enjoy. How to cite Economic Levels vs. Food Choices, Essays

Changing Business Environment Toyota

Question: Discuss about theChanging Business Environment for Toyota. Answer: Introduction: The following report is going to analyse the changing business environment in China. The report encompasses the business case study of Toyota. Business environment constitutes of the technological factors, leadership factors, business strategies and the human resource factors. These are the internal business environments that provide the bbu8sinmess organisational success. On the other hand there are external factors of the business environments as well. The external business environment refers to the government policies that affect the business process of an organisation of a country. External business environment also comprises of the legal issues the economic condition of a country or a particular place that puts its impact upon the business organisations. According to the scholar, overall market and production procedure depends on how the organisations adopt the internal and external factors. The chosen case study deals with the change of the business environment in order to bring change in the operations process. Since, no company can change the external business environment, the internal environments need to be focused and change should be brought in need (Prajogo, 2016). Briefing of the Company: The history of Toyota dates back to 1800s. Sakichi Toyoda, who belonged from a remote community outside Nagoya has laid the foundation stone on the company. He started by assisting his father in carpentry. He has special interest in making wooden spinning machines. The capacity of Sakichi Toyoda could be seen since his young age. In the year, 1894, he manufactured manual looms that were cheaper than the looms that were available normally. The idea of innovation was also installed in Sakichi Toyoda. To ease the difficulty of his mother and grandmother, he innovated the power-driven wooden looms. He further worked on the looms to give rise to more sophisticated looms. The innovation of Sakichi Toyoda is not only about developing new things but also save energy and wastage. He invented a mechanism that will stop a loom the moment a thread will be broken. Thus, Sakichi Toyoda was able to make his presence felt with the art of loom making. His son, Kiichiro Toyoda, further carried out the legacy of Sakichi Toyoda. The idea of Just-In-Time was the brainchild of Kiichiro Toyoda. The idea of Kiichiro Toyoda has inspired many other automobile companies and one of them is Ford. The main idea of Kiichiro Toyoda was inspired by the retail market of the United States. The supermarkets of the United States replaced the products the moment the customers bought the products. Toyota is one of the largest car manufacturing companies in the world. It does not only manufactures and designs the cars other vehicles for the middle class customers but also offers the customers luxurious vehicles with high price. The production season of Toyota has been categorised into different segments:- the peak season of car production as well as the lean season of the car production. The production process depends on the market demand. However, analysis of proper market demand entails the requirement of the operations such as supply chain, production, design, marketing and sales. Manufacturing and launching new brands needs the market zeal so as to create market opportunity to different market segment. The market segment has different phases according to the availability of cars and service feedback. In most of the cases, Toyota has sought after the change in the business environment in order to improve the mode of business operations. Toyota, the Japanese automobiles manufacturer has adopted different change strategies so as to confirm the adoption (Woo Song, 2013) Production System: Toyota has developed Toyota Production System after the World War II the effect of World War was quite severe in the production method and business policies of the organisation. The company started with business inventory method and the flow of the business comprised of the entire invention of the cars and the model designing of the vehicles. China as a global market and global manufacturing nation has now emerged as one of the most important market and manufacturing sectors in the world. After the industrial boom in the 90s and the early years of the 21st century, china has been at the top rated list (Santoro, 2015). Toyota has planned the manufacturing process in such a manner so that they can serve the customers when the need is high. They started manufacturing trucks after world war II as they were needed to build Japan. Initially, they faced issues due to the downturn of the economy but the company gradually gained momentum after the conditions got better. The company faced further issues as the economy was not stable. Due to inflation, the situation of Toyota worsened. They started various cost-cutting policies. The included voluntary cut in the pay for the managers and 10% cut in the pay for all the employees in the organization. In addition to this, they have asked 1600 workers to retire voluntary. The sudden cost cutting in the organization has started many issues among the employees and the company has witnessed public demonstration among workers. The business of Toyota has evolved a great deal mainly because of its intelligent production system. They produce a number of similar vehicles in the same assembly lin. It not only helps them to satisfy the customers but also helps them to keep lead times short and keep the production flexible. Thus, if they keep the production in the same assembly line, they are able to adhere to the needs and wants of the customers and change things easily. The production cost will also be lowered as there would not be much change in the operations. They have thought of lowering the waste. They aim at mass production so that the amount of waste for each unit will be lowered. The total production system adopted by Toyota has stopped the notion that if a machine is not working then it is not making money. Another motto of Toyota is to be the best. When they are building the total production system, they have thought of giving the best to the customer and appointed the best workers. They are not falling behind as far as the innovation is concerned. They ask their employees to solve the problems themselves so that they will be able to solve more difficult issues themselves. The employees of Toyota are involved in engineering, sales and service, maintain human resource and do accounting so that they are able to satisfy the customers. Change Environment Factors in China: The change in the business environment has recently been recognised in the beginning of the twenty first century. Since most of the internal environment factors are highly cognitive and controllable, the organisations in the Chinese industries of different aspect have been trying hard to bring the required change while creating the space for the operations. New research from China European International Business School exposes that most of the foreign companies established in China have been adapting new business environments in the internal operations. As per the annual business survey in China by CEIBS, Chinese business environment has been highly impacted by more than 440 foreign companies (Lu et al., 2014). One of the notable changes in the Chinese business environment has been the hike of labour cost. Though the country enjoyed excessive cheap labour over the years, the growing cost of labour has affected the entire process of production in manufacturing industries and service in the tertiary sector. Inspite of the recent slump, UBS has forecast that Chinese economy would grow by a striking 7.8 % in 2016. Being the economic giant in the world business, China has adopted several changes in the form of the economy and inter- organisational performances. The economic realities adapted by the Chinese industrialists have been highly effective in the business process strategic planning. Challenges of Changing Business Environment in China: Though the changes have been welcomed by the Chinese businessmen as wel as the industrialists in different levels, there are few challenges that need to be faced and resolved during the business process. Rise in the labour cost has initially caused effective change in the production. So far the automobiles and vehicle manufacturing is concerned, the changing business economy and labour market has restricted free flow production in the Chinese industry. After the global economic crisis in 2008-2009, China has developed its own economic system in order to ease the business circumstances. This has led the country to the growth of 7% increase in its economy. The advanced market oriented economy by the government of China has facilitated millions of worker thus encouraging the involvement of competent employees. It has also geared up the entire process of production. After 2009, the companies have exploited the abundance of the labours and it has also accelerated the agility of production and market performance. After 2007, Chinese the Chinese GDP grew up to 6%. This has been the proof of the positive business change in Chinese market. Accomplish of the Change: The change accounted in the business of the Chinese market has also caused the business level growth that has been positive in the recent years. On the other hand the process of the Chinese market and manufacturing industry have been adapting the newest changed thus reflecting their mode of performance the companies want to practice. The case study has been helpful in the total business management. Conclusion: Change in the business management has been helpful in understanding two of the greater aspects- the financial change management and human resource development management. Both of these business tasks have been highly affected by the change in the external environment in the country. Reference: Lu, J., Lu, C., Yu, C. S., Yao, J. E. (2014). Exploring factors associated with wireless internet via mobile technology acceptance in Mainland China.Communications of the IIMA,3(1), 9. Prajogo, D. I. (2016). The strategic fit between innovation strategies and business environment in delivering business performance.International Journal of Production Economics,171, 241-249. Santoro, M. A. (2015).China 2020: How western business canand shouldinfluence social and political change in the coming decade. Cornell University Press. The Business Environment of China: Challenges of an Emerging Economic Superpower. (2017). Stanford Graduate School of Business. Retrieved 1 May 2017, from https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/case-studies/business-environment-china-challenges-emerging-economic-superpower Woo, W. T., Song, L. (2013).China's dilemma: economic growth, the environment and climate change(p. 428). ANU Press.

Marketer Model For Communication Industries â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Marketer Model For Communication Industries? Answer: Introducation Internet has changed the way the world works in todays time. With the advent of modern technologies and continuous growth and encouragement given to innovation of technology companies can reach the end customers in just a click. One of the latest trends of the decade is the social media. These are platforms used with the help of internet to connect and communicate with people who are geographically located away from the sender of the message. Social media has also made mass communication easy a person can post a massage on the portal and that can be viewed and given feedback by many receivers. Digital marketing is referred to all the forms of marketing strategies that is adopted by a business organization online. Digital medium such as Google search, social media, email, and their websites are used as a tool to communicate between the organization and the end customer (Ryan 2016). People now have access to data and information at any point of time and place with the help of internet. With the help of several modern mobile devices like Smartphone and tablets this facility is even easier and digital marketing is using this facility as benefit for an organization. Digital marketing has made feedback option very easy and quick, this is a significant reason why companies encourage digital media. Posting reviews of a product or service in a blog or the review section of any e-commerce website is like an instant feedback for the company. Digital marketing helps a company build a personal relationship with the customers and helps them develop a better understanding of the customer expectation and grievances. McDonalds is a fan favorite it is now an icon. McDonalds is a large multination company that has a large number of stores and franchise (Chaffey et al. 2013). However, the company has faced a lot of criticism and negative publicity over the years regarding several aspects of the products and services they offer and also on the management. But the company has dealt will all the negativity only to grow and keep expanding (Leeflang et al. 2014). McDonalds is a dynamic organization that has changed with the requirement and the advances of the target customers. The customers of the brand are a diverse population that enjoys the food that the franchise has to offer along with the company. The current situation of the company is that the profits of the company have been experiencing a downfall and it is difficult for McDonalds to meet the expectations of the stakeholders along with this the sales of the organization has also seen a steep fall, at this point the organization has opted to launch an ambitious and somewhat risky marketing campaign centered on what exactly is in the food it offers consumers. McDonalds has been focusing on changing the fundamental mind set or notion of people for the past few years. The marketing strategies that are adopted by the company have changed course on exposing myths that is associate with food, as well as pushing a message of quality. One of the examples of a very trending digital campaign of McDonalds is the promotional strategy of the new Bacon Clubhouse burger, McDonalds partnered with popular NBA star LeBron James and other famous sports personalities in order to makes a Snapchat video story of just 30 seconds. Snapchat is a popular social media application among the youth and this strategy is perfect for introducing new products into the line. This is a successful strategy but the rate of success is not as much as was expected by the company. The duration of these snap stories are for a limited period of time and there are people who can easily miss the story. Again only the people who follow these celebrities can view the snap stories and the rest cannot even if they are a regular user of the application. You may have noticed the brands recent TV commercials, which feature a large McDonalds kiosk on a sidewalk encouraging pedestrians to ask questions about the restaurants food (Leeflang et al. 2014). Experts say that the companies understanding of the digital marketing sector is wrong and the information and reach of the internet is still new to the company. For example, the content in their website deals with the products the brand and the ingredients that is used by the company in the products that they offer, but the information is not insightful does not have a point of reference and is almost vague for the people. Our Food, Your Questions is another digital campaign that did not receive success because the strategy did not have transparency in the campaign and it from a lack of honesty and self-awareness (Royle and Laing 2014). McDonalds fails to communicate with the end customers and continues to invest a lot of money in the traditional form of marketing like billboards and television advertising and statistics show that there is a falling trend in the effectiveness of traditional forms in compared to digital marketing trends. The twitter #McDstories proved as a disaster fo r the company garnering a lot of negative comment and bad publicity form the twitteraties. With a series of hash tag camping started by the company this is one that backfired the motives of the brand tremendously. People started sharing their worst experiences with the company rather than the good ones and some of the experiences shared were very controversial and had a negative impact on the image of the company (Chaffey et al. 2013). Facebook is one of the most popular and used social media platforms and the reach of Facebook is wide spread and diverse. One of the digital marketing strategies that can be used by McDonalds is extensive use of Facebook by promoting and sharing some extraordinary positive experiences that employees of MacDonald had while working with the organization. Instagram has gained a lot of popularity lately and people enjoy sharing their photos MacDonald can come up with a photo challenge with the #McPic offering people with best clicks in real time discounts or free meal option. But this would be applicable for people who are visiting the store for meal. Another social media platform that is very popular among the youth and the target market of McDonalds is YouTube. YouTube in todays time has a large influence on the buying trends of consumers acting as an influence factor in the buying behavior of the target market of a company (Royle and Laing 2014). Starting from Smartphone to other elec tronic good, beauty products and even services are tested by the youtubers and are reviewed. Like beauty products and lifestyle products a new product can be launch and reviewed by popular food vlogger and YouTube personalities to post their honest reviews. McDonalds can collaborate with these people and ask them to post their honest review and implement the changes recommended and again ask these people to talk about it in their other social media platforms (Ryan 2016). Digital marketing is a new and improved method of marketing, which if implemented correctly has a significant impact in communicating the right message to the right people at the right time. But, companies also have use the platform carefully and responsible keep in mind the sensibility of the message and the impact it will have on the society. Crisis management and contingency plans are a part of the digital marketing strategies companies should plan ahead of the expected outcomes of a campaign and act accordingly because what people think and say on the internet is not under the control of the company hence the contingency plans are a crutial part of any marketing campaign. Reference list: Chaffey, D., Smith, P.R. and Smith, P.R., 2013.eMarketing eXcellence: Planning and optimizing your digital marketing. Routledge. Leeflang, P.S., Verhoef, P.C., Dahlstrm, P. and Freundt, T., 2014. Challenges and solutions for marketing in a digital era.European management journal,32(1), pp.1-12. Royle, J. and Laing, A., 2014. The digital marketing skills gap: Developing a Digital Marketer Model for the communication industries.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.65-73. Ryan, D., 2016.Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers.

Topics For Explanatory Essay

Topics For Explanatory EssayWriting a good, informative, and informative explanatory essay is a challenging task that many students fail to do. Although they are quite able to answer the students' questions properly, they often lack the quality of writing that their classmates have and end up coming across as being silly. In fact, their explanations are often quite generic and superficial.The problems students face in writing an explanatory essay are numerous. In most cases, the students have not given much attention to their writing skills. They often rely on simply memorizing what to write down. A simple, short, and in a way incorrect description of the course will help the students identify what type of discussion they would be having with their professors, which will improve their chances of being accepted.One of the most difficult element of explaining the course in an explanatory essay is having to describe the course. It can be confusing for the students when they start writin g down what they need to say about the course. Their explanations are usually simple and hardly make sense to the professors.In a scientific approach, the students should try to focus on what the students need to know. It is important to prepare a list of questions that the students need to ask and clarify the reasons for what they learn.Discussing a certain topic in the lecture can also help the students. When students have prepared a list of topics for explanatory essay, they can ask the professor about the topics and get clarification about them. This can help the students find out whether or not they need to prepare an extensive essay on the topic. In addition, if the students have a particular problem in writing their essay, this will allow them to make it clear to the professor how to resolve the problem.In most cases, students need to use an interesting topic to attract the attention of the professor. Moreover, having interesting topic can also help students save time.This wa y, students can find out if they are ready to write an explanatory essay, and they can get better result. If they do not find their topic interesting, they may find that they end up wasting lots of time and energy researching.

Simple Guide on How to Write a Problem Solution Essay

As a student, in your academic life, you will face a lot of challenges. Some professors and instructors may be too much, preparing and studying for your exams will be a pain and balancing your academic and personal life may seem impossible. However, one of the most significant problems students always face at school is assignments. In problem solution essays the aim is to find solutions to problems in order to make the distress, vexation, and perplexity go away. Before you begin putting anything down, you need to carry out extensive research to gather facts and evidence. Once you have collected all the facts and evidence, then you can thoroughly and accurately describe the problem. The solution, on the other hand, is the plan of actions to eradicate the problem. When writing a problem-solution essay, you need to keep in mind that there are a lot of ways to solve any problem. Your task as a writer is to find the best solution and explain why you chose it as the best solution to the problem at hand. Professionals Explain: What Is a Problem Solution Essay? Problem solution essays are a ubiquitous requirement in college and university. Basically, the meaning of it can be taken from its name. It is a type of essay that identifies the problem and states the solution accordingly. Its primary objective is determining the best solution to a specific problem. A problem solution essay usually considers problems in a specific situation. They ultimately give solutions to those problems. They are quite similar to the cause and effects essays in terms of its structure. The Ideal Way on How to Start a Problem Solution Essay Before you start jotting down anything on your paper, you need to develop a thesis statement. It is the statement that outlines the principal argument of the essay. In order to make a strong thesis statement, the writer must specifically outline what the essay will cover instead of making an overview statement based on the topic. Creating a strong thesis statement enables the writer to maintain a clear focus. What Is the Best Problem Solution Essay Outline? A problem solution essay can be approached in two ways: the chain or a block structure. In the block structure, the writer identifies and states all the problems then after that the corresponding solutions are stated. While in the chain structure, after each problem is stated, a corresponding solution follows. Of course, each type of outline has its advantages. The block structure is generally more transparent and more straightforward while the chain structure the problem’s solution is directly identified. When choosing the type of outline, certain factors have to be considered including the number of problems that have to be stated. If a writer has to identify a number of problems, then the chain structure is the best option for the essay. It helps the reader associate the problem to its solution. In the case that there is a single problem the better choice would be to use the block structure. Tips for Writing a Good Problem Solution Essay Structure In order to write the perfect problem solution essay, it should have the right structure. The essay must start with a clear introduction presenting the problem. In the body of your essay state the problem(s) and their respective solutions. End with a conclusion and restate the problem(s) and why you chose their respective solutions. Here are a few more pointers for a brilliant structure: State the problem clearly. Explore the aspects of the problem/problems. Concentrate and clearly expound on its causes and effects. Suggest one or multiple solutions to the specific problem and how it can be implemented. Always use supporting details, this is to say, use anecdotes, examples, statistics, and facts. Be logical when persuading your reader. A Brilliant Problem Solution Essay Introduction- How to Write a Compelling Hook Every problem solution essay starts with an introduction, same as any other essay. In the introduction, the writer identifies the problem. Start by painting out an image of the issue at hand or problem to make it compelling for the audience in and make them continue reading. It is what is known as the hook or the lead; it is used to rill in the reader. The writer also appeals to the emotions of the audience by stating who is affected by the particular problem and the consequences if it is not addressed. How to Write a Captivating Problem Solution Essay Body Here the writer elaborates the problem. Present the problem from a wide perspective and narrow down to the details. Include the historical background of the problem since this can mainly add value to how your paper began and developed to what it is. Credible sources should always substantiate the information provided in the essay. Properly cite your sources to promote a trustworthy tone. After the problem is fully laid out, present concrete solutions or a solution to it. The primary objective of this paper is to convince the audience that the solutions/solution you expound on is the best. For this to be possible, it must be feasible, logical and supported by credible evidence. Pointers for Writing the Best Problem Solution Essay Conclusion The problem solution essay just like all other essays should end with a conclusion. In the conclusion, the writer should restate the issue at hand and summarize all the arguments into one solution to directly address the issue at hand. The solution should contain a call to action to encourage the audience to involve themselves in implementing the solution. To fully convince the audience, you will need to state the consequences of it, if the problem is not addressed immediately. Basically, an excellent problem solution essay should create a sense of urgency to resolve the issue at hand. Proven Problem Solution Essay Tips to Use on Any Topic Writing problem solution essays might seem really hard for students in college and university. But using this guide will make it a walk in the park. These guidelines are proven to reinvent your writing. Here are some additional pointers to help you ace your problem solution essay: Choosing a good topic is essential for your paper. When selecting a topic to base your essay on choose a topic that has multiple perspectives of view and is not too wide. The introduction of the problem solution essay should always describe the issue at hand and give relevant background facts about it. All the critical facts used in the body of the essay must be included in the introduction. The thesis statement in your essay should be one-two sentences long. It should be included in the introduction and should state the sole objective of the essay. To create a good essay body, lay out the advantages and disadvantages of the solutions provided in the essay. Always show how your solution to any problem can be implemented, do not merely state a solution. Get Expert Help Following the tips we provide will guarantee you the perfect essay. However, not every student has the time or interest to craft these kinds of essays. If this sounds like you, our team of experts can put together a problem solution essay for you. We offer reliable essay writing services. Our team is made up of professional writers with years of experience in helping students with their assignments. Writing a problem solution essay is made simple thanks to our top-rated service. Relax or do something else with your time as our writers write an outstanding paper for you today. 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Lenin

Unless we accept the claim that Lenin's coup gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in today's Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980'sÓ (Luttwak, In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, who were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism Socialism, of which ÒMarxism-LeninismÓ is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the country's educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering political As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become a revolutionary agitator and a co...

You can choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

You can choose the topic - Essay Example It has also been noted that consumers are not conscious enough about the pollution that their cars cause the environment. If citizens would opt to use more of the public means of transport as opposed to their cars, then the amount of exhaust gases released to the atmosphere would drastically be reduced. There is a need therefore for the government to take measures to ensure that amount of exhaust gases released by cars is reduced (National Geographic, 2013). Factories powered by fossil fuels release a lot of waste gases to the atmosphere. This is especially pronounced in the developed nations which have vast networks of industries. The exhaust gases released to the atmosphere are mainly carbon dioxide gas and other poisonous gases which significantly cause air pollution. Laxity on the part of the government to ensure that there are constant checks to ensure that gases released are regulated is to blame. Some of these factories are within residential areas and therefore the air polluted poses a significant risk to human health. Some of the gases released may react with rain water to form acidic rains. The government needs to take severer measures to ensure that factories continuously filter the amount of gases they release to the atmosphere to lessen the level of air pollution caused (National Geographic, 2013). Coal is still popular in the US as a source of energy. Coal burns for a long time but unfortunately releases a lot of carbon monoxide to the atmosphere. Coal is still significantly being used to generate electricity in the US and in this process it releases millions of volumes of carbon monoxide to the atmosphere. Coal is cheap and is readily available thus it has become a favorite option for power generation. There is a need to find alternative source of energy to combat this pollution caused by coal (National Geographic, 2013). Some of the products used at home also have a

Procter & Gamble's International strategy Essay

Procter & Gamble's International strategy - Essay Example After the Second World War, P&G had started its international and global expansion in manufacturing and sales. In 1954 P&G has started its international activity in Europe leasing a detergent manufacturer.In 1980 P&G became a global company, and after a period of successful mergers and acquisitions with such brands as Noxell, Max Factor and Ellen Betrix, P&G expands its global presence. In 1993, the 50% of sales came outside the USA (P&G history, 2003). Recent years, P&G has shifted its global focus to core brands and price reduction measures. This strategy has helped P&G to maintained high-speed growth through continuous optimization of its product mix and constant technological innovation. For instance, "Procter & Gamble were able to secure a significant amount of unhindered time to capture sales whilst Hindustan Lever was scrambling to adjust prices on its newly released stocks" (Executive summary, 2005). Today, P&G follows a differentiation strategy and ensures that the higher price it charges for its higher quality is not priced too far above the competition or else customers will not see the extra quality as worth the extra cost. According to company's executive P&G's main business strategy include: Focusers help P&G to achieve better differentiation or lower cost in ... cent of profits - and on our leading retail customers (Lafley, n.d.). Focusers help P&G to achieve better differentiation or lower cost in separate market segments (Latin America), but they also lose to broadly targeted competitors when the segment's uniqueness fades or demand disappears. Changes to one area of the value chain has knock-on effects in other parts of the business. P&G "shut down under-performing businesses and exited non-strategic businesses and discontinued product lines like Olay Cosmetics and geographic expansions like tissue/towel into Asia" (Lafley, n.d.). This strategy helps to concentrate on core brands and create customers loyalty. The global strategy is to aim at a particular target (international) market. One of the main functions of global and international promotional activity is of course to influence the perceptions of the consumer. P&G maintain policy of product standardization in order to sell them around the world under the same brand. The business strategy of P&G is "value pricing strategy" during which it boosted advertising while simultaneously curbing its distribution channel deals (in-store displays, trade deals), and significantly reducing its coupon promotions" (Thomas, Bollen, 2004). The stronger each of these forces is, the more P&G is free in its ability to earn greater profits. This strategy was successful because the bargaining power of buyers had a strong influence upon the business. P&G, producing differentiated products, is brand loyal, and potential new entrants encounters resistance in trying to enter the industry. Value pricing strategy is also an important factor in increasing the costs for customers of switching the products of new competitors. Value pricing strategy had the following impact:

Principles of war

Principles of war CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study. Principles of war are key considerations that commanders use as an academic start point when contemplating combat operations. They range from strategic, and operational, to tactical factors which serve as guiding rules which must not be violated in order to ensure success in any operation. The Principles of war range from; selection and maintenance of the aim, offensive action, flexibility, sustainability, concentration of force, cooperation, economy of effort, surprise and security. A new fundamental principle of war which though yet to be acknowledged as such in tactical manual books, has been born. This birth resulted from the rapid advancement in technology coupled with the proliferation and growth of television and radio new in the 1960s.[1] For the first time in history, the gruesome reality of warfare was brought into American living rooms on nightly newscasts. This powerful visual medium altered the entire interplay between the news media and government policy making. In part icular, it would no longer be possible to wield the military instrument of national power without first considering how it would play in the news media.[2] The media in todays society serve the role of an informant, especially in the cases of distant violence in times of war. They provide the eyes and context through which the public view events and the formulation of policy. The agendas of the media often reflect that of the government and the corporate interests that control them. While freedom of the press gives journalist free reign to criticize or provide alternative views to government activities, there is evidence that reliance on official sources and competition censors the resultant news product (Kracke,2004). The independence of the media from the government exists in principle but does not manifest itself in practice. Given this perspective and the understanding that the media serve as the primary conduit of information from the battlefield to the public, and often the po licy makers, facilitating a relationship with the media has been a challenge for the military. An examination of the relationship between the military and the media may provide a valuable perspective on how to capitalize on this relationship and provide greater input into framing the news that reaches the public and policy makers.[3] Military commanders could never again afford to ignore the way combat operations would be portrayed in the news media. This essential consideration for any would-be combat commander constitutes the new principle of war. 1.2 Statement of the Problem. Ghana has after half a century of independence experienced intermittent military intervention which brought in its wake limiting roles of the media in accessing military related information. The cumulative effect of this has been an extended gap between the military and the media as both parties seem to lack the basic understanding of a reasonable coexistence through realistic collaboration. The study will attempt to answer the following questions such as; What are the principal roles of the military in accounting to the wider population?, how well positioned is the military in addressing their obligations to the wider population? and what measures dictate the media environment that has made the media so powerful as to be regarded as the Forth arm of Government? The research will also seek to determine what are the contemporary challenges in military- media relationship? and lastly, how can the Ghana Armed Forces contribute to the development of a viable military à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ media relationship? 1.3 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are to provide information that may lead to a better understanding of the nature of military à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ media relations that should exist in a democratic Ghana as well as to determine how military-media relations in Ghana can be enhanced. 1.4 Research Methodology A combination of primary and secondary sources of data collection is used in the study. Primary data was sourced from personal interview of both serving and retired military officers as well as civil servants and journalists. Data was also sourced from books, journals, official government documents, conference papers, news-magazines and newspapers. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively using logical arguments and sequential presentation of points. 1.5 Significance of the Study The study will contribute to existing knowledge and current discussions on military-media relations. It will also assist the Ghana Armed Forces in adopting training strategies for the reorientation of the Public Relations Department to deal with the media. 1.6 Limitations of the Study The limitation faced in this study is the paucity of written material on the Ghanaian situation. The lack of adequate time for proper research will also affect the quality. However, the research will try and authenticate all documents assessed to remove all inconsistencies. 1.7 Literature Review In searching for material to support this study it was anticipated that limited amounts of printed literature would be available on this topic particularly with reference to the Principles of War. This was assumed because Principles of War is a relatively tactical doctrine that can be found mostly in military training manuals. Upon filtering the questions for each area of research this study will address, the literature is grouped into two to deal with the media perspective and the tactical perspective. Distorting Defense by Stephen P. Aubin[4] and General Ferdinand Fochs book The Principles of War [5]will be reviewed. In the book Distorting Defense, Stephen P. Aubin arouses ones interest in the medias coverage of defense issues. Even though Aubins book does not address the military media relationship specifically, however, it delves into how the media has covered defense-related issues. Aubin presents a content analysis of evening broadcasts of major media networks as NBC and CBS on defence related issues during the Reagan, Bush and Clinton administrations. He posits that the American People and their media have since colonial times been very suspicious and even to some extent hostile to defence related issues. Aubin highlights that the Americans would rather opt for cheaper routes in achieving the nations security.[6] Aubins content analysis revealed that about 32 percent of the evening news coverage on defence issues were problematic.[7] Aubin defined problematic coverage as; overemphasis on drama or bad news at the expense of substance and context, lack of knowledge on the part of the correspo ndent, lack of context as a result of brevity, general lack of balance or context, loaded labelling or advocacy; and bad news judgment. Aubin presents a historical review of an American people who he finds difficult to convince about the need for new weapon systems, an increase in defense spending or the deployment of US troops into a conflict.[8] Juxtaposing his historical review with the content analysis on problematic coverage of defense issues, one observes that the US military public affairs need to do a lot to tell the military story the right way. This is not limited to the US alone as such hurdles permeate wider societies especially young democracies such as in Ghana. The media will continue to be very critical of military operations because they are the agents of collecting, interpreting and transmitting information to worldwide audiences and therefore have tremendous power to affect the outcome of military operations. Aubin however was unable to capture this vital relation ship between the media and the military. This is the aspect that this study seeks to reveal by drawing on some of the characteristics of the media environment as put forward by Aubin. Fochs book The Principles of War is an excellent starting point when reviewing what factors and guidelines that men in arms must take into consideration when planning for and executing wars. Foch, who was a Commander of the Allied Armies on the Western Front during the final campaigns of World War I presents the picture that War is so important that it must be studied in detail and it is for this reason that nations have War Colleges. Foch emphasises on theories that one needs to understand and execute in order to be victorious in war. These include having large numbers, better armament, bases of supplies and the advantage of terrain. Foch enumerated a number of principles such as economy of power, freedom of action, protection, intellectual discipline, strategic surprise and strategic discipline. These he stated, must not be violated in order to be successful. Foch related his principles mostly to the Napoleonic wars in the organisation and disposition of forces. In modern battles, Foch opined that the decisive attack in the battle of today is not to be sought indifferently on any point yet it can be imposed on us, or as an opportunity suddenly arise, in spite of all that theory may teach.[9] Fochs principles amongst others have over time been reframed into modern day principles of war as is contained in present day military manuals and aide memoires. Foch however fails to highlight the fluidity of the operational environment as directed by political interference and the demands of accountability by the people through the media. These are very relevant and actually do affect the modern day battle environment. This study takes advantage of the Fochs principles of war as it relates to contemporary times and the relevance of other factors of the modern day battle environment. 1.8 Organisation of the Study The scope of the study will cover four chapters. Chapter one will present a background to the study and a statement of the research problem as well as a literature review and the methodology of the research. Chapter two will highlight on the mission and role of the military as well as strategies employed in achieving its goal. It will also cover the media environment and activities of the media. Chapter three will dwell on the challenges of the military-media relationship and the role of the Ghana Armed Forces in building a healthy relationship between the media and the Armed Forces. Chapter four expounds on the conclusion and recommendations. References Mac D Felman The Military/Media Clash and the New Principle of War: Media Spin, (Air University USAF, 1992) Tina S. Kracke Mass Media: The Ether Pervading the Clausewitzian Trinity, (USACGSC,2004) Stephen P. Aubin, Distorting Defense (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1998). JB Synder Seeing Through The Conflict: Military-Media Relations, (USAWC, 2003). Ferdinad Foch, The Principles of War, (AMS PRESS,1970). RESTRICTED [1] Mac D Felman The Military/Media Clash and the New Principle of War: Media Spin, (Air University USAF, 1992). [2] Ibid. [3] Tina S. Kracke Mass Media: The Ether Pervading the Clausewitzian Trinity, (USACGSC,2004) [4] Stephen P. Aubin, Distorting Defense (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1998) 6. [5] Ferdinad Foch, The Principles of War, (AMS PRESS,1970). [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] JB Synder Seeing Through The Conflict: Military-Media Relations, (USAWC, 2003). [9] Ibid,372.

Part Three Chapter VI

VI Things denied, things untold, things hidden and disguised. The muddy River Orr gushed over the wreckage of the stolen computer, thrown from the old stone bridge at midnight. Simon limped to work on his fractured toe and told everyone that he had slipped on the garden path. Ruth pressed ice to her bruises and concealed them inexpertly with an old tube of foundation; Andrew's lip scabbed over, like Dane Tully's, and Paul had another nosebleed on the bus and had to go straight to the nurse on arrival at school. Shirley Mollison, who had been shopping in Yarvil, did not answer Ruth's repeated telephone calls until late afternoon, by which time Ruth's sons had arrived home from school. Andrew listened to the one-sided conversation from the stairs outside the sitting room. He knew that Ruth was trying to take care of the problem before Simon came home, because Simon was more than capable of seizing the receiver from her and shouting and swearing at her friend. ‘†¦ just silly lies,' she was saying brightly, ‘but we'd be very grateful if you could remove it, Shirley.' He scowled and the cut on his fat lip threatened to burst open again. He hated hearing his mother asking the woman for a favour. In that moment he was irrationally annoyed that the post had not been taken down already; then he remembered that he had written it, that he had caused everything: his mother's battered face, his own cut lip and the atmosphere of dread that pervaded the house at the prospect of Simon's return. ‘I do understand you've got a lot of things on †¦' Ruth was saying cravenly, ‘but you can see how this might do Simon damage, if people believe †¦' ‘Yes.' Ruth sounded tired. ‘She's going to take those things about Dad off the site so, hopefully, that'll be the end of it.' Andrew knew his mother to be intelligent, and much handier around the house than his ham-fisted father. She was capable of earning her own living. ‘Why didn't she take the post down straight away, if you're friends?' he asked, following her into the kitchen. For the first time in his life, his pity for Ruth was mingled with a feeling of frustration that amounted to anger. ‘She's been busy,' snapped Ruth. One of her eyes was bloodshot from Simon's punch. ‘Did you tell her she could be in trouble for leaving defamatory stuff on there, if she moderates the boards? We did that stuff in comput – ‘ ‘I've told you, she's taking it down, Andrew,' said Ruth angrily. She was not frightened of showing temper to her sons. Was it because they did not hit her, or for some other reason? Andrew knew that her face must ache as badly as his own. ‘So who d'you reckon wrote that stuff about Dad?' he asked her recklessly. She turned a face of fury upon him. ‘I don't know,' she said, ‘but whoever they are, it was a despicable, cowardly thing to do. Everyone's got something they'd like to hide. How would it be if Dad put some of the things he knows about other people on the internet? But he wouldn't do it.' ‘That'd be against his moral code, would it?' said Andrew. ‘You don't know your father as well as you think you do!' shouted Ruth with tears in her eyes. ‘Get out – go and do your homework – I don't care – just get out!' Yet the deletion of the post could not remove it from the consciousness of those who were passionately interested in the forthcoming contest for Barry's seat. Parminder Jawanda had copied the message about Simon Price onto her computer, and kept opening it, subjecting each sentence to the scrutiny of a forensic scientist examining fibres on a corpse, searching for traces of Howard Mollison's literary DNA. He would have done all he could to disguise his distinctive phraseology, but she was sure that she recognized his pomposity in ‘Mr Price is certainly no stranger to keeping down costs', and in ‘the benefit of his many useful contacts'. ‘Minda, you don't know Simon Price,' said Tessa Wall. She and Colin were having supper with the Jawandas in the Old Vicarage kitchen, and Parminder had started on the subject of the post almost the moment they had crossed the threshold. ‘He's a very unpleasant man and he could have upset any number of people. I honestly don't think it's Howard Mollison. I can't see him doing anything so obvious.' ‘Don't kid yourself, Tessa,' said Parminder. ‘Howard will do anything to make sure Miles is elected. You watch. He'll go for Colin next.' Tessa saw Colin's knuckles whiten on his fork handle, and wished that Parminder would think before she spoke. She, of anyone, knew what Colin was like; she prescribed his Prozac. Vikram was sitting at the end of the table in silence. His beautiful face fell naturally into a slightly sardonic smile. Tessa had always been intimidated by the surgeon, as she was by all very good-looking men. Although Parminder was one of Tessa's best friends, she barely knew Vikram, who worked long hours and involved himself much less in Pagford matters than his wife. ‘I told you about the agenda, didn't I?' Parminder rattled on. ‘For the next meeting? He's proposing a motion on the Fields, for us to pass to the Yarvil committee doing the boundary review, and a resolution on forcing the drug clinic out of their building. He's trying to rush it all through, while Barry's seat's empty.' She kept leaving the table to fetch things, opening more cupboard doors than was necessary, distracted and unfocused. Twice she forgot why she had got up, and sat down again, empty-handed. Vikram watched her, everywhere she moved, from beneath his thick eyelashes. ‘I rang Howard last night,' Parminder said, ‘and I told him we ought to wait until we're back up to the full complement of councillors before we vote on such big issues. He laughed; he says we can't wait. Yarvil wants to hear our views, he said, with the boundary review coming up. What he's really scared of is that Colin's going to win Barry's seat, because it won't be so easy to foist it all on us then. I've emailed everyone I think will vote with us, to see if they can't put pressure on him to delay the votes, for one meeting †¦ ‘†The Ghost of Barry Fairbrother†,' Parminder added breathlessly. ‘The bastard. He's not using Barry's death to beat him. Not if I can help it.' Tessa thought she saw Vikram's lips twitch. Old Pagford, led by Howard Mollison, generally forgave Vikram the crimes that it could not forget in his wife: brownness, cleverness and affluence (all of which, to Shirley Mollison's nostrils, had the whiff of a gloat). It was, Tessa thought, grossly unfair: Parminder worked hard at every aspect of her Pagford life: school ftes and sponsored bakes, the local surgery and the Parish Council, and her reward was implacable dislike from the Pagford old guard; Vikram, who rarely joined or participated in anything, was fawned upon, flattered and spoken of with proprietary approval. ‘Mollison's a megalomaniac,' Parminder said, pushing food nervously around her plate. ‘A bully and a megalomaniac.' Vikram laid down his knife and fork and sat back in his chair. ‘So why,' he asked, ‘is he happy being chair of the Parish Council? Why hasn't he tried to get on the District Council?' ‘Because he thinks that Pagford is the epicentre of the universe,' snapped Parminder. ‘You don't understand: he wouldn't swap being chair of Pagford Parish Council for being Prime Minister. Anyway, he doesn't need to be on the council in Yarvil; he's already got Aubrey Fawley there, pushing through the big agenda. All revved up for the boundary review. They're working together.' Parminder felt Barry's absence like a ghost at the table. He would have explained it all to Vikram and made him laugh in the process; Barry had been a superb mimic of Howard's speech patterns, of his rolling, waddling walk, of his sudden gastrointestinal interruptions. ‘I keep telling her, she's letting herself get too stressed,' Vikram told Tessa, who was appalled to find herself blushing slightly, with his dark eyes upon her. ‘You know about this stupid complaint – the old woman with emphysema?' ‘Yes, Tessa knows. Everyone knows. Do we have to discuss it at the dinner table?' snapped Parminder, and she jumped to her feet and began clearing the plates. Tessa tried to help, but Parminder told her crossly to stay where she was. Vikram gave Tessa a small smile of solidarity that made her stomach flutter. She could not help remembering, as Parminder clattered around the table, that Vikram and Parminder had had an arranged marriage. (‘It's only an introduction through the family,' Parminder had told her, in the early days of their friendship, defensive and annoyed at something she had seen in Tessa's face. ‘Nobody makes you marry, you know.' But she had spoken, at other times, of the immense pressure from her mother to take a husband. ‘All Sikh parents want their kids married. It's an obsession,' Parminder said bitterly.) Colin saw his plate snatched away without regret. The nausea churning in his stomach was even worse than when he and Tessa had arrived. He might have been encased in a thick glass bubble, so separate did he feel from his three dining companions. It was a sensation with which he was only too familiar, that of walking in a giant sphere of worry, enclosed by it, watching his own terrors roll by, obscuring the outside world. Tessa was no help: she was being deliberately cool and unsympathetic about his campaign for Barry's seat. The whole point of this supper was so that Colin could consult Parminder on the little leaflets he had produced, advertising his candidacy. Tessa was refusing to get involved, blocking discussion of the fear that was slowly engulfing him. She was refusing him an outlet. Trying to emulate her coolness, pretending that he was not, after all, caving under self-imposed pressure, he had not told her about the telephone call from the Yarvil and District Gazette that he had received at school that day. The journalist on the end of the line had wanted to talk about Krystal Weedon. Had he touched her? Colin had told the woman that the school could not possibly discuss a pupil and that Krystal must be approached through her parents. ‘I've already talked to Krystal,' said the voice on the end of the line. ‘I only wanted to get your – ‘ But he had put the receiver down, and terror had blotted out everything. Why did they want to talk about Krystal? Why had they called him? Had he done something? Had he touched her? Had she complained? The psychologist had taught him not to try and confirm or disprove the content of such thoughts. He was supposed to acknowledge their existence, then carry on as normal, but it was like trying not to scratch the worst itch you had ever known. The public unveiling of Simon Price's dirty secrets on the council website had stunned him: the terror of exposure, which had dominated so much of Colin's life, now wore a face, its features those of an ageing cherub, with a demonic brain seething beneath a deerstalker on tight grey curls, behind bulging inquisitive eyes. He kept remembering Barry's tales of the delicatessen owner's formidable strategic brain, and of the intricate web of alliances that bound the sixteen members of Pagford Parish Council. Colin had often imagined how he would find out that the game was up: a guarded article in the paper; faces turned away from him when he entered Mollison and Lowe's; the headmistress calling him into her office for a quiet word. He had visualized his downfall a thousand times: his shame exposed and hung around his neck like a leper's bell, so that no concealment would be possible, ever again. He would be sacked. He might end up in prison. ‘Colin,' Tessa prompted quietly; Vikram was offering him wine. She knew what was going on inside that big domed forehead; not the specifics, but the theme of his anxiety had been constant for years. She knew that Colin could not help it; it was the way he was made. Many years before, she had read, and recognized as true, the words of W. B. Yeats: ‘A pity beyond all telling is hid at the heart of love.' She had smiled over the poem, and stroked the page, because she had known both that she loved Colin, and that compassion formed a huge part of her love. Sometimes, though, her patience wore thin. Sometimes she wanted a little concern and reassurance too. Colin had erupted into a predictable panic when she had told him that she had received a firm diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, but once she had convinced him that she was not in imminent danger of dying, she had been taken aback by how quickly he dropped the subject, how completely he reimmersed himself in his election plans. (That morning, at breakfast, she had tested her blood sugar with the glucometer for the first time, then taken out the prefilled needle and inserted it into her own belly. It had hurt much more than when deft Parminder did it. Fats had seized his cereal bowl and swung round in his chair away from her, sloshing milk over the table, the sleeve of his school shirt and onto the kitchen floor. Colin had let out an inchoate shout of annoyance as Fats spat his mouthful of cornflakes back into his bowl, and demanded of his mother, ‘Have you got to do that at the bloody table?' ‘Don't be so damn rude and disgusting!' shouted Colin. ‘Sit up properly! Wipe up that mess! How dare you speak to your mother like that? Apologize!' Tessa withdrew the needle too fast; she had made herself bleed. ‘I'm sorry that you shooting up at breakfast makes me want to puke, Tess,' said Fats from under the table, where he was wiping the floor with a bit of kitchen roll. ‘Your mother isn't â€Å"shooting up†, she's got a medical condition!' shouted Colin. ‘And don't call her â€Å"Tess†!' ‘I know you don't like needles, Stu,' said Tessa, but her eyes were stinging; she had hurt herself, and felt shaken and angry with both of them, feelings that were still with her this evening.) Tessa wondered why Parminder did not appreciate Vikram's concern. Colin never noticed when she was stressed. Perhaps, Tessa thought angrily, there's something in this arranged marriage business †¦ my mother certainly wouldn't have chosen Colin for me †¦ Parminder was shoving bowls of cut fruit across the table for pudding. Tessa wondered a little resentfully what she would have offered a guest who was not diabetic, and comforted herself with the thought of a bar of chocolate lying at home in the fridge. Parminder, who had talked five times as much as anybody else all through supper, had started ranting about her daughter, Sukhvinder. She had already told Tessa on the telephone about the girl's betrayal; she went through it all again at the table. ‘Waitressing with Howard Mollison. I don't, I really don't know what she's thinking. But Vikram – ‘ ‘They don't think, Minda,' Colin proclaimed, breaking his long silence. ‘That's teenagers. They don't care. They're all the same.' ‘Colin, what rubbish,' snapped Tessa. ‘They aren't all the same at all. We'd be delighted if Stu went and got himself a Saturday job – not that there's the remotest chance of that.' ‘ – but Vikram doesn't mind,' Parminder pressed on, ignoring the interruption. ‘He can't see anything wrong with it, can you?' Vikram answered easily: ‘It's work experience. She probably won't make university; there's no shame in it. It's not for everyone. I can see Jolly married early, quite happy.' ‘Waitressing †¦' ‘Well, they can't all be academic, can they?' ‘No, she certainly isn't academic,' said Parminder, who was almost quivering with anger and tension. ‘Her marks are absolutely atrocious – no aspiration, no ambition – waitressing – â€Å"let's face it, I'm not going to get into uni† – no, you certainly won't, with that attitude – with Howard Mollison †¦ oh, he must have absolutely loved it – my daughter going cap in hand for a job. What was she thinking – what was she thinking?' ‘You wouldn't like it if Stu took a job with someone like Mollison,' Colin told Tessa. ‘I wouldn't care,' said Tessa. ‘I'd be thrilled he was showing any kind of work ethic. As far as I can tell, all he seems to care about is computer games and – ‘ But Colin did not know that Stuart smoked; she broke off, and Colin said, ‘Actually, this would be exactly the kind of thing Stuart would do. Insinuate himself with somebody he knew we didn't like, to get at us. He'd love that.' ‘For goodness sake, Colin, Sukhvinder isn't trying to get at Minda,' said Tessa. ‘So you think I'm being unreasonable?' Parminder shot at Tessa. ‘No, no,' said Tessa, appalled at how quickly they had been sucked into the family row. ‘I'm just saying, there aren't many places for kids to work in Pagford, are there?' ‘And why does she need to work at all?' said Parminder, raising her hands in a gesture of furious exasperation. ‘Don't we give her enough money?' ‘Money you earn yourself is always different, you know that,' said Tessa. Tessa's chair faced a wall that was covered in photographs of the Jawanda children. She had sat here often, and had counted how many appearances each child made: Jaswant, eighteen; Rajpal, nineteen; and Sukhvinder, nine. There was only one photograph on the wall celebrating Sukhvinder's individual achievements: the picture of the Winterdown rowing team on the day that they had beaten St Anne's. Barry had given all the parents an enlarged copy of this picture, in which Sukhvinder and Krystal Weedon were in the middle of the line of eight, with their arms around each other's shoulders, beaming and jumping up and down so that they were both slightly blurred. Barry, she thought, would have helped Parminder see things the right way. He had been a bridge between mother and daughter, both of whom had adored him. Not for the first time, Tessa wondered how much difference it made that she had not given birth to her son. Did she find it easier to accept him as a separate individual than if he had been made from her flesh and blood? Her glucose-heavy, tainted blood †¦ Fats had recently stopped calling her ‘Mum'. She had to pretend not to care, because it made Colin so angry; but every time Fats said ‘Tessa' it was like a needle jab to her heart. The four of them finished their cold fruit in silence.